Introduction

In Burkina Faso, wild animals play a significant role in human life. Therefore, during initiation, the youth acquire codes of conduct from oral traditions where animals embody certain values. Thus, from one ethnic group to another, the animal totem varies. This phenomenon of sanctifying the animal serves to protect it and unites the entire social group with an unbreakable bond.

Myths and Beliefs

Belief in the animal totem is present in certain cultures, but it is not universally widespread throughout the country. The meanings associated with totems may differ from one community to another. In Burkinabe culture, the animal totem is considered a protective ancestral spirit. It is generally chosen based on specific characteristics of the animal or its mythological connection to the group. For example, among the ‘Gurunsi’ of ‘Naboua,’ the dove allegedly alerted villagers to a burning hut where an infant was sleeping. Thanks to this bird, the child was saved. Grateful, they avoid killing or consuming its meat. The animal totem symbolizes the place of animals in human life. This is why the ‘Bobo’ of ‘Leguema’ consider the ‘kara,’ a harmless small snake, as their ancestor. It even visits the lineage members rooted in traditions. As such, descendants must avoid breaking taboos, risking the wrath of ancestors.

A Means of Wildlife Preservation

The animal totem represents a profound connection between humans and wildlife. It plays a crucial role in increasing awareness and emphasizing the importance of animal protection. Moreover, rituals and ceremonies related to the animal totem strengthen the bonds between humans and nature. For instance, the ‘Mossi of Bazoule’ organize an annual festival dedicated to crocodiles called “Kõom-lakré” after the harvest. Crocodiles are seen as saviors since they provided the local residents with access to an inexhaustible water source. This is an opportunity for them to express gratitude through sacrifices and to continually seek their favor for protection. This fosters a balanced relationship with wild animals, contributing to long-term wildlife preservation. Additionally, the animal totem also encourages the conservation of natural resources and harmonious coexistence between humans and wildlife. Through its integration and the consequences of disobedience, excessive hunting is avoided, allowing certain animal species to endure.

Conclusion

The animal totem in Burkina Faso plays a significant role in wildlife preservation by reinforcing respect, protection, and harmony between humans and wild animals. It contributes to raising awareness among communities about the importance of preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems.