Central African History: The Kanem/Kanem-Bornu Empire (700 AD – 1893 AD)

INTRODUCTION TO THE KANEM BORNU EMPIRE

The Kanem/Kanem-Bornu Empire (700 AD – 1893 AD) existed for over a thousand years. It was first known as the Kanem Empire (700 AD – 1617 AD) and later came to be known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire (1617 – 1893 AD).* At its height, the Empire was located in the areas known today as modern day western Chad, north eastern Nigeria, southern Libya, eastern Niger and northern Cameroon. It was located at the southern end of the trans-Saharan trade route between Tripoli and the region of Lake Chad. We know about the history of this empire from the ‘Girgam,’ a royal artefact of the Kanem Empire. The Girgam has provided a written historical record of the Empire, which includes the names of Kings and Queens, the length of their reigns and the major events within the Empire.

THE ORIGINS OF THE EMPIRE

While the Empire’s official dates run from 700 AD – 1893 AD, we can actually trace its roots to 300 AD, under the Nomadic Tebu-speaking Kanembu. The Girgam claims that the Kanembu people moved from their lands to the land around Lake Chad for 2 key reasons. First, the lands around Lake Chad were fertile unlike their previous lands, which suffered from dryness and second, because there was political pressure. The lands around Lake Chad were also attractive because of the existing infrastructure. There were walled cities that belonged to the Sao civilisation. (The Sao civilisation, were one of the first civilisations to have lived in the territory that is now known as Cameroon.) The bounties of the land around Lake Chad caused the Kanembu to abandon their nomadic lifestyle. They founded a capital here around 700 called ‘ N’jimi,’ under the first Kanembu King, Saif. The Kanembu were led by the Duguwa dynasty and they eventually dominated the Sao civilisation; war continued up to the late 16 th century.

THE DUGUWA DYNASTY AND THEIR IMPORT OF ISLAM

The Kings of Kanem were known as ‘Mai’. The Duguwa Dynasty was the first Dynasty to rule the Empire. The ‘Mais’ of the Duguwa were regarded as divine Kings and belonged to the ruling establishment, the Magumi. Although Saif was the first King of the Empire, it was under his son King Dugu, the third King of the Empire that N’jimi grew in power and influence. Under the ninth King’s leadership, King Arku in 1023 AD, that the Kingdom expanded northwards into the Sahara and took over the trading routes of the African Muslims in the area. This would prove to be a turning point for the Empire because Islam would now have a significant influence in the Royal Court. King Arku’s successor, Queen Hawwa was important for 2 reasons. First she was the first female ruler of the Empire and second she was the first member of the Royal Family to embrace and convert to Islam. She ruled the Empire from 1067 AD for 4 years and had set the precedent for Islamic rule. Her successor was also an Islamic ruler, King Abd Al-Djalil (1071-1075) and his successor, King Hume Julmi (1075 AD) founded the Sefuwa dynasty, which would not only become the ruling class of the Kingdom, but more importantly one of the most powerful Islamic African Kingdoms at the time.

THE SEFUWA DYNASTY

The Sefuwa dynasty (1075 AD – 1846 AD) is one of the longest reigning African dynasties of all time. Under this dynasty, the Empire grew extremely wealthy. They controlled 12 vassal states (subordinate states) that were in addition to their own lands. They also took control of the salt deposits within the region of Bilma, located in what we know today as Niger and they increased their trade with North Africa. They obtained horses, fabrics and glassware in exchange for salt. They also exported ostrich feathers, elephant tusks and tin from the Hausa region of northern Nigeria.

Mai Dunama II (1210 AD – 1248 AD) (also known as Mai Dunama Dibalami), was an important King within the Empire. Not only was he a devout Muslim, like many of his predecessors, but he also had the ability to command an army of 40,000 men on horseback. He expanded the size of the Empire. Moreover, he was a great diplomat and developed key relationships with the sultans of North Africa. He established an embassy for the Kanem Empire in Tunisia along with both a school and hostel in Cairo for those Muslims taking their pilgrimage to Mecca. Under various Mai’s, the Royal court had a keen interest in the study of the Qu’ran and the development of Qu’ranic studies. They also encouraged the study of astronomy, mathematics and science.

Interestingly, the historian Dr Fagan has argued that although the Mais were Muslim and devoted to Islam, the political structure of the Kingdom retained some of the pre-Islamic elements. These pre-Islamic elements were inherited from the Zaghawa or Duguwa dynasties. An example of one such element is that 2 women held the highest positions in the Kingdom – the Queen Mother and the Queen sister both of whom had their own court and officers.

THE KINGDOM OF BORNO

Borno was an area that lay southwest of Lake Chad. The Kanem Empire temporarily moved here after their wars with the Bulala had restarted as the Bulala had taken control of the Kanem capital, Njimi and the surrounding regions. Borno proved to be important for the relocated Kanem Empire, as the lands here were more fertile than in Kanem. This land allowed for the cultivation of crops. Moreover, when the King Mai Ali Ghaji rose to power in 1472 AD, he established strong trade links with some of the Hausa Kingdoms (modern day northern Nigeria). He also constructed the city of Ngazargamu near the River Yobe, which subsequently became the capital of the Kanem Empire in Bornu. Other towns, such as Difa, Yo, Duji and Wudi also developed nearby and they specialised in pottery, clothing, weaving and leatherwork. By 1497, Mai Ali Ghaji had developed the Empire in Bonru to such a great extent, that he had enough resources to retake the city of Njimi from the Bulala. Once this was done, the Kanem Empire became the Kanem-Bornu Empire and went from strength to strength. Trade was conducted as far off as the Ottoman Empire in modern day Turkey.

KING IDRIS ALOOMA

King Idris Alooma is one of the most famous Kings of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. He came to power in 1564 AD, and was around at the same time as the famous Caliphs/Sultans of other Islamic Empires from Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo (Egypt) and Songhai (Mali). As a devout Muslim, he not only went on his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1571 AD, but also brought back with him scholars from the Middle-East and Northern Africa. He, like Mai Dunama II also constructed a hostel in Mecca for the Muslims of Kanem to stay at when they went on their pilgrimage to Mecca. He imported camels from the Sahara that replaced the donkeys and oxen that had been used as transportation previously. He was a great military leader and he conquered surrounding territories. He firmly solidified the Empire as the Kanem-Bornu Empire, as he kept the potential invaders at bay. He controlled and protected the Empire from invasions by the Huasa to the West, the Bulala to the East and the Tuareg to the North.

THE KANEM-BORNU EMPIRE

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was officially known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire by 1617 AD. This date marks the unification of the Kanem and Bornu regions. Mai Idris Alooma had 3 sons all of whom followed in their father’s footsteps and further increased the prosperity of the Empire. Mai Muhammed (1617-1632 AD), Mai Ibrahim (1632 – 1639 AD) and Mai Oman (1639 – 1657 AD) expanded education and learning in the Empire. Security and peace also characterised their reigns. In fact, the Kanem-Bornu Empire continued to flourish well into the 1800’s. The German explorer Gustav Nachitagal, visited the Empire in 1850 and has remarked on how the Empire had ‘great beauty’ and had ‘prosperous development.’

HARPIYA SINGH

VIEW ALL POSTS

111 Comments

  1. yacub yacub 7 years ago August 17, 2017

    Great history.

    REPLY
  2. Abdullahi Bello 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    Amazing African history,
    That is why Nigeria is great, and so call enemy of progress wanted to ruin it especially north east region where mark laid!.

    REPLY
  3. Abubakar 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    Certainly I enjoyed the reading. We need more of these work to reawaken our hunger for our own unpolluted history which has been diluted by the coming of colonials.

    REPLY
  4. Hamman 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    Great! Keep up with the good work. We need more of these histories. Thank you for sharing.

    REPLY
  5. omeiza shariff 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    What a great people great empire i wish i was born then to witness idris Aloma

    REPLY
  6. Anchinai 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    Which tribe including, Ngizim Ngazar,bade and kanuri, first settled at lake Chad??
    Who were real aborigines there?

    REPLY
  7. abba fantami m. maina gamboru ngala 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    I improved m ore than b 4′ thank God

    REPLY
  8. B. A. Abdulsalam 7 years ago August 18, 2017

    Great Empire with a long documented history.

    REPLY
  9. Ismaila Ibrahim Edego 7 years ago August 19, 2017

    Great insight and a reminder of the brief history I did in Nasarawa State University Keffi, where I obtained my first degree. Hence, this is a refresher for me

    REPLY
  10. Samuel James Dawa 7 years ago August 19, 2017

    Nice work please find out about Glavda People for me,where were they before their present area of abode in Gwoza local government in Borno State Nigeria.

    REPLY
  11. Uloko Emmanuel 7 years ago August 19, 2017

    What a refreshing history we were thought a little of the kanem borno empire history when our level of comprehension was low in the secondary school but this post has enlightened me greatly.

    REPLY
  12. Ali Mohammed Zanna 7 years ago August 20, 2017

    Herwa is our pride

    REPLY
  13. Austin 7 years ago August 20, 2017

    Educative and informative

    REPLY
  14. Amos niyamdi 7 years ago August 20, 2017

    How does the empire came in existence with usman Dan for duo

    REPLY
  15. Abdullahi Muhammad 7 years ago August 20, 2017

    Interesting history!

    REPLY
  16. muhammed lawan Hassan 7 years ago August 21, 2017

    We like more information about kanem borno empire and kanuri people dialect and clans than we like to know the standard kanuri orthography

    REPLY
  17. Ajiya Idris 7 years ago August 21, 2017

    A refreshing history of a proud people of culture courage n education.

    REPLY
  18. Ibrahim Muhammad. M 7 years ago August 22, 2017

    This is very illuminating nd undeniably,rich kodus….

    REPLY
  19. Danjuma Azavuwa 7 years ago August 22, 2017

    Thanks a lot for enlightments, am very happy.

    REPLY
  20. Enyinna Eromaka 7 years ago August 22, 2017

    In my days in the secondary school history is my best subject,this account about kanem Bornu empire has refreshed my memory.Truly,kanem Bornu was a great empire as at then.

    REPLY
  21. Bukar ZANNA Maazu 7 years ago August 22, 2017

    I thank God I benefit with this history I know so many things about my state,may God bless the writer.

    REPLY
  22. emmanuel 7 years ago August 23, 2017

    this is wat makes Nigeria and in fact Africa special we as ppl must rediscover who we are, we aren’t Europeans or Arabs our cultures and traditions shld reign supreme we must de-emphasise Christianity and Islam in our ways of lives to prosper lets make Nigeria great again,Africa great again

    REPLY
  23. Agen BandarQ 3 years ago April 26, 2021

    I’m impressed, I must say. Rarely do I come across a blog that’s both
    educative and interesting, and without a doubt, you have hit the nail on the head.
    The problem is something which not enough people are
    speaking intelligently about. I’m very happy I came across this during my hunt
    for something regarding this.

    REPLY
  24. Sakong 3 years ago May 1, 2021

    I enjoy reading through a post that will make men and women think.
    Also, many thanks for allowing me to comment!

    REPLY
  25. Download PKV Games 3 years ago May 1, 2021

    Hurrah, that’s what I was exploring for, what a material!
    present here at this blog, thanks admin of this site.

    REPLY
  26. BandarQ Indonesia 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Hi to every one, it’s in fact a fastidious for me to go to
    see this web page, it includes helpful Information.

    REPLY
  27. Deposit Pulsa 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger.

    I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your fantastic post.
    Also, I have shared your website in my social networks!

    REPLY
  28. BandarQ 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Hi there, this weekend is good for me, as this moment i am reading
    this wonderful educational piece of writing here at my home.

    REPLY
  29. Poker 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Hello, the whole thing is going well here and ofcourse every one
    is sharing data, that’s in fact excellent, keep up writing.

    REPLY
  30. Ceme Online 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News.
    Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
    Many thanks

    REPLY
  31. www.tarikubogale.com 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Good day! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my
    comment form? I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having problems finding one?
    Thanks a lot!

    REPLY
  32. Agen BandarQ Terpercaya 3 years ago May 2, 2021

    Keep this going please, great job!

    REPLY
  33. http://www.basketferentino.com 3 years ago May 3, 2021

    It’s really a cool and useful piece of information. I am happy that
    you just shared this helpful info with us. Please stay us up to date like this.

    Thank you for sharing.

    REPLY
  34. bandarq 3 years ago May 6, 2021

    My brother suggested I may like this web site. He used to be totally right.
    This publish truly made my day. You can not imagine simply how so much time I had spent for
    this info! Thanks!

    REPLY
  35. Judi Online 3 years ago May 6, 2021

    I blog quite often and I seriously appreciate your information. The article has truly peaked my
    interest. I’m going to take a note of your blog and
    keep checking for new information about once a week. I
    opted in for your Feed as well.

    REPLY
  36. Deposit Pulsa 3 years ago May 9, 2021

    Hi mates, pleasant article and nice arguments commented here, I am truly enjoying
    by these.

    REPLY
  37. Situs BandarQ 3 years ago May 9, 2021

    Hi there mates, its fantastic paragraph on the topic of tutoringand completely defined, keep it up all the time.

    REPLY
  38. Judi online 3 years ago May 10, 2021

    Hi there, I discovered your site via Google even as searching for a
    related subject, your web site came up, it seems
    good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.

    Hello there, just was aware of your blog via Google, and located
    that it is really informative. I’m going to watch out
    for brussels. I will appreciate if you continue this in future.
    Lots of other people can be benefited out of your writing.
    Cheers!

    REPLY
  39. https://i-med.us 3 years ago May 10, 2021

    Hi there to all, how is the whole thing, I think every one is getting
    more from this web site, and your views are pleasant in favor of new users.

    REPLY
  40. Situs MPO Pelangi 3 years ago May 20, 2021

    Heya i’m for the first time here. I found this board and I find It truly useful & it helped
    me out much. I hope to give something back and
    help others like you helped me.

    REPLY
  41. Situs Judi Online Indonesia 3 years ago May 20, 2021

    It’s genuinely very complicated in this full of activity life to listen news on TV, so I simply use internet for that purpose, and get the
    hottest information.

    REPLY
  42. Agen BandarQ 3 years ago May 21, 2021

    When someone writes an article he/she keeps the image of
    a user in his/her mind that how a user can understand it.
    Thus that’s why this article is outstdanding.

    Thanks!

    REPLY
  43. mandiridomino 3 years ago May 21, 2021

    Hey are using WordPress for your site platform?
    I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started
    and set up my own. Do you require any html coding knowledge to make your own blog?
    Any help would be really appreciated!

    REPLY
  44. Link Alternatif Mandiripoker 3 years ago May 21, 2021

    Can you tell us more about this? I’d care to find out some additional
    information.

    REPLY
  45. Slycent.fr 3 years ago May 22, 2021

    Hi there, I enjoy reading through your article. I like to write a little comment to support you.

    REPLY
  46. IDNPLAY 3 years ago May 23, 2021

    Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It actually was a entertainment account it.

    Glance advanced to more introduced agreeable from you! By
    the way, how could we keep up a correspondence?

    REPLY
  47. Ceme Online 3 years ago May 25, 2021

    What a stuff of un-ambiguity and preserveness of valuable know-how on the topic of unpredicted feelings.

    REPLY
  48. Judi Online 3 years ago May 26, 2021

    Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article.

    I’ll make sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post.
    I will certainly return.

    REPLY
  49. Agen BandarQ Online 3 years ago May 28, 2021

    I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own blog and was wondering what all is needed to
    get set up? I’m assuming having a blog like yours
    would cost a pretty penny? I’m not very internet savvy so I’m
    not 100% sure. Any suggestions or advice would be greatly
    appreciated. Appreciate it

    REPLY
  50. Hi there to all, how is all, I think every one is getting more from this website, and your views are good in support
    of new visitors.

    REPLY
  51. lagiqq 3 years ago June 4, 2021

    It is the best time to make a few plans for the future and it’s time to be happy.
    I’ve learn this post and if I could I desire to recommend you some attention-grabbing things or tips.
    Maybe you can write subsequent articles referring to this article.

    I desire to read more things approximately it!

    REPLY
  52. Judi Sakong 3 years ago June 5, 2021

    Sweet blog! I found it while surfing around on Yahoo News.
    Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
    Thank you

    REPLY
  53. That is a good tip especially to those new to the blogosphere.
    Simple but very accurate info… Appreciate your sharing
    this one. A must read post!

    REPLY
  54. Daftar LagiQQ 3 years ago June 11, 2021

    It’s difficult to find knowledgeable people for this subject, but
    you sound like you know what you’re talking about!

    Thanks

    REPLY
  55. Ceme Indonesia 3 years ago June 12, 2021

    Hi, I do believe this is an excellent website. I stumbledupon it 😉 I am going to come back once again since i have book-marked
    it. Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich
    and continue to help other people.

    REPLY
  56. BandarQ Terpercaya 3 years ago June 14, 2021

    I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was wondering
    what all is required to get setup? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny?
    I’m not very web smart so I’m not 100% sure. Any recommendations or advice would be greatly appreciated.
    Thanks

    REPLY
  57. BandarQ 3 years ago June 14, 2021

    Very good blog post. I certainly love this website.

    Keep writing!

    REPLY
  58. IDN Poker Terbaik 3 years ago June 14, 2021

    Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads up.
    The words in your article seem to be running off the screen in Internet explorer.

    I’m not sure if this is a formatting issue or something to do with
    browser compatibility but I thought I’d post to let you know.
    The layout look great though! Hope you get the problem
    fixed soon. Many thanks

    REPLY
  59. Deposit Pulsa 3 years ago June 14, 2021

    Hi! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay.

    I’m definitely enjoying your blog and look
    forward to new updates.

    REPLY
  60. Download PKV Games 3 years ago June 14, 2021

    It’s fantastic that you are getting ideas from this piece of writing as well as from our discussion made at this place.

    REPLY
  61. slot Deposit pulsa 3 years ago June 21, 2021

    Thanks , I have recently been looking for info approximately this topic
    for a long time and yours is the greatest I’ve discovered till now.
    But, what about the bottom line? Are you sure about
    the supply?

    REPLY
  62. Qiu Qiu 3 years ago June 22, 2021

    I pay a visit daily a few blogs and information sites
    to read content, except this website offers quality based
    articles.

    REPLY
  63. judi slot online deposit pulsa 3 years ago June 22, 2021

    This article is actually a nice one it assists new the web users,
    who are wishing in favor of blogging.

    REPLY
  64. bandarq terpercaya 3 years ago June 25, 2021

    Excellent article! We are linking to this particularly great post on our
    site. Keep up the good writing.

    REPLY
  65. 우리카지노 3 years ago July 11, 2021

    It’s actually very complicated in this busy life
    to listen news on Television, thus I simply use world wide web for that reason, and obtain the most recent information.

    REPLY
  66. DominoQQ Indonesia 3 years ago July 11, 2021

    Helpful info. Fortunate me I discovered your site by accident, and I am shocked why this
    coincidence didn’t came about earlier! I bookmarked it.

    REPLY
  67. 카지노사이트 3 years ago July 13, 2021

    You have made some decent points there. I looked on the net to
    learn more about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your
    views on this website.

    REPLY
  68. https://adentra.mx/ 3 years ago July 14, 2021

    Fine way of explaining, and nice article to obtain data on the topic of my
    presentation topic, which i am going to convey
    in academy.

    REPLY
  69. Lagi99 3 years ago July 21, 2021

    What’s up to all, for the reason that I am really eager of
    reading this weblog’s post to be updated regularly. It
    includes nice stuff.

    REPLY
  70. 솔 카지노 2 years ago April 12, 2022

    Hello, constantly i used to check web site posts here in the early hours
    in the morning, because i enjoy to gain knowledge of more
    and more.

    REPLY
  71. 룰렛 테이블 2 years ago April 12, 2022

    When someone writes an post he/she retains the idea of a user in his/her mind that how a user
    can understand it. So that’s why this piece
    of writing is amazing. Thanks!

    REPLY
  72. 토토 사이트 순위 샤오 미 2 years ago April 12, 2022

    I believe this is one of the most important info for me.
    And i’m happy reading your article. But wanna remark
    on few general things, The website style is perfect, the articles is actually nice : D.
    Good job, cheers

    REPLY
  73. 당진 출장안마 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    If some one desires to be updated with hottest technologies after that
    he must be go to see this website and be up to date everyday.

    REPLY
  74. 리드벳 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I couldn’t resist commenting. Exceptionally well written!

    REPLY
  75. 강친 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Piece of writing writing is also a fun, if you be familiar with afterward
    you can write otherwise it is complex to write.

    REPLY
  76. skechers egypt clearance 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Asking questions are actually pleasant thing if you are not understanding anything completely, except this post
    offers fastidious understanding yet.

    REPLY
  77. 꽁머니 지급 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Excellent site you’ve got here.. It’s hard to find good
    quality writing like yours nowadays. I seriously appreciate
    people like you! Take care!!

    REPLY
  78. 이천 출장안마 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    My spouse and I stumbled over here from a different website and
    thought I may as well check things out. I like what I see
    so now i am following you. Look forward to looking
    into your web page yet again.

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Awesome.

      REPLY
  79. 실시간 배팅 사이트 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I read this piece of writing completely about the comparison of newest and preceding technologies, it’s amazing article.

    REPLY
  80. 가상 축구 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I love reading through a post that will make men and women think.

    Also, thank you for allowing for me to comment!

    REPLY
  81. 텐뱃 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Hi, I want to subscribe for this website to
    get latest updates, therefore where can i do it please assist.

    REPLY
  82. 카지노검증사이트 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Excellent article! We are linking to this particularly great article
    on our site. Keep up the great writing.

    REPLY
  83. 마추 자 사이트 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I am regular reader, how are you everybody? This article posted at this web page is actually good.

    REPLY
  84. 블랙 잭 게임 사이트 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I am sure this paragraph has touched all the internet users, its really
    really fastidious piece of writing on building up new blog.

    REPLY
  85. 슬롯 추천 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Amazing issues here. I am very happy to see your
    article. Thank you a lot and I’m taking a look ahead to contact you.
    Will you kindly drop me a e-mail?

    REPLY
  86. https://yaseanawaddinghamx.blogspot.com 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet
    my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this
    for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience
    with something like this. Please let me know if you run into
    anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.

    REPLY
  87. golden star 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I believe what you typed was very reasonable. But, what about this?

    what if you wrote a catchier title? I am not saying
    your content is not good., but what if you added a post title that grabbed folk’s
    attention? I mean Central African History: The Kanem/Kanem-Bornu Empire (700 AD – 1893 AD) –
    Right for Education is a little boring. You should glance at Yahoo’s front page and see
    how they create news titles to grab viewers to click. You might try
    adding a video or a pic or two to get people excited about everything’ve got to say.
    In my opinion, it might make your posts a little bit more interesting.

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Thanks for your suggestions

      REPLY
  88. 사설토토 해킹 샤오미 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    It’s an remarkable piece of writing for all the web visitors; they will get advantage
    from it I am sure.

    REPLY
  89. 카지노 게임 사이트 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your
    efforts and I will be waiting for your further write ups thanks once again.

    REPLY
  90. 1xbet korea 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    That is really interesting, You are a very skilled blogger.
    I’ve joined your feed and stay up for looking for extra of your great post.
    Also, I’ve shared your website in my social networks

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Thanks for sharing

      REPLY
  91. reef sandals outlet 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Heya! I realize this is sort of off-topic however I needed to ask.
    Does managing a well-established blog like yours take a large amount of work?
    I am brand new to running a blog but I do write
    in my diary on a daily basis. I’d like to start
    a blog so I can easily share my own experience and thoughts online.

    Please let me know if you have any kind of suggestions or
    tips for new aspiring blog owners. Appreciate it!

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Never stop writing. It pays to start small. Our website involves a certain amount of work to make it what you see but dont let that stop you.

      REPLY
  92. 사설 토토 계좌 협박 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    I am really impressed with your writing skills as well as
    with the layout on your weblog. Is this a paid theme or did you modify it
    yourself? Anyway keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare
    to see a nice blog like this one these days.

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Continue reading also.Thank you.

      REPLY
  93. air jordan 5 retro men order 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Awesome blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers?
    I’m hoping to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything.
    Would you advise starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for
    a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m totally overwhelmed ..
    Any suggestions? Appreciate it!

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      WordPress works for us so we hope it works for you too. We wish you all the best on your journey.

      REPLY
  94. 카드 카운팅 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    It’s going to be end of mine day, except before finish I am reading this wonderful post to
    increase my knowledge.

    REPLY
    • Sally Bagson 2 years ago April 13, 2022

      Knowledge is power!

      REPLY
  95. 라이브카지노 2 years ago April 13, 2022

    Having read this I believed it was very informative.
    I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this short article together.
    I once again find myself personally spending way too much time both reading and commenting.
    But so what, it was still worthwhile!

    REPLY
  96. https://thrush71.blogspot.com/ 2 years ago May 19, 2022

    Appreciate this post. Will try it out.

    REPLY
  97. 안전 카지노 2 years ago May 20, 2022

    After checking out a handful of the blog articles on your website, I seriously appreciate your way of
    writing a blog. I book-marked it to my bookmark site list
    and will be checking back in the near future.
    Take a look at my web site as well and tell me how you
    feel.

    REPLY
  98. www.youtube.com 1 year ago October 30, 2022

    I have read so many articles or reviews concerning the blogger lovers however this article is genuinely a pleasant post, keep
    it up.

    REPLY
  99. Air Purifiers 1 year ago October 31, 2022

    Hey there! This is my first comment here so I just wanted to give a quick
    shout out and say I truly enjoy reading through your articles.
    Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the same topics?
    Thanks for your time!

    REPLY
  100. Shower Caps 1 year ago October 31, 2022

    Howdy! Someone in my Myspace group shared this site with us so I came to give
    it a look. I’m definitely enjoying the information. I’m book-marking and will
    be tweeting this to my followers! Outstanding blog and
    outstanding design and style.

    REPLY
    • Marian Gyamfi 1 year ago November 1, 2022

      Thank you

      REPLY
  101. Shower Caps 1 year ago October 31, 2022

    Wonderful article! We are linking to this great post on our site.
    Keep up the good writing.

    REPLY
  102. Air Purifiers 1 year ago October 31, 2022

    I’m extremely impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your weblog.
    Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself?
    Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice blog
    like this one nowadays.

    REPLY
  103. zoritoler imol 1 year ago January 11, 2023

    I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was good. I do not know who you are but definitely you’re going to a famous blogger if you aren’t already 😉 Cheers!

    REPLY

Leave a reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to undefined function create_function() in /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-content/themes/helpinghands/framework/inc/sd-theme-functions/sd-functions.php:188 Stack trace: #0 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-hook.php(326): sd_style_tag_cloud() #1 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/plugin.php(205): WP_Hook->apply_filters() #2 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/category-template.php(778): apply_filters() #3 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/widgets/class-wp-widget-tag-cloud.php(60): wp_tag_cloud() #4 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-widget.php(394): WP_Widget_Tag_Cloud->widget() #5 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/widgets.php(837): WP_Widget->display_callback() #6 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-content/themes/helpinghands/sidebar.php(26): dynamic_sidebar() #7 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/template.php(790): require_once('/home/213602.cl...') #8 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/template.php(725): load_template() #9 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/general-template.php(136): locate_template() #10 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-content/themes/helpinghands/single.php(114): get_sidebar() #11 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-includes/template-loader.php(106): include('/home/213602.cl...') #12 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-blog-header.php(19): require_once('/home/213602.cl...') #13 /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/index.php(17): require('/home/213602.cl...') #14 {main} thrown in /home/213602.cloudwaysapps.com/nxykgcmrcx/public_html/wp-content/themes/helpinghands/framework/inc/sd-theme-functions/sd-functions.php on line 188
WordPress › Error

There has been a critical error on this website.

Learn more about troubleshooting WordPress.