Introduction

Cancer remains a major global health challenge. According to the UN, in 2022 there were 1.5 million new prostate cancer cases worldwide, and overall, 2.3 million new cancer cases and 670,000 deaths were reported annually. By 2050, breast cancer cases are expected to rise to 3.2 million, with 1.1 million deaths per year.

In Africa, the WHO reports over 900,000 new cancer cases and 580,000 deaths annually. Specifically, in sub-Saharan Africa, 146,130 new breast cancer cases and 71,662 deaths were recorded, accounting for roughly 6–7% of the global breast cancer incidence. Without urgent intervention, cancer-related deaths in Africa could increase by more than 70% by 2040.

While the exact causes of each cancer type are complex, research increasingly highlights the role of diet and lifestyle in prevention. Balanced nutrition and healthy living habits remain key factors for reducing cancer risk.

Diet in Cancer Prevention

Certain foods and lifestyle choices are linked to a higher risk of cancer. Processed meats, ultra-processed foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol contribute to increased cancer risk, with alcohol and obesity being major risk factors for breast cancer. Conversely, a Mediterranean or plant-based diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains has been consistently associated with cancer prevention. Key components include:

Fibre: Promotes satiety, supports weight management, and creates a cellular environment less prone to cancer. It also modulates oestrogen and insulin/IGF-1 levels, which are linked to breast cancer risk.

Phytochemicals: Plant compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that reduce carcinogenesis.

Specific foods: Cooked tomatoes (lycopene), cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage), oily fish (omega-3), oilseeds, green tea, and polyphenol-rich plant foods support prostate cancer prevention.

Maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, and avoiding alcohol enhances the protective effects of a plant-based diet. These strategies are also beneficial post-treatment, reducing recurrence and supporting recovery. It is important to note that unsupervised supplement use is not recommended for cancer prevention, treatment, or recovery, as some studies show it may increase the risk of certain cancers.

Food Myths and Cancer

While nutrition plays an important role, no single food can cause, cure, or prevent cancer on its own. Diet is one of several factors influencing cancer development and outcomes. Contrary to myths, non-organic fruits and vegetables do not increase cancer risk. The real risk comes from insufficient consumption of plant-based foods. Whether organic or not, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains remains the most important factor for prevention.

Conclusion

Nutrition is central to cancer prevention and recovery. Avoiding alcohol and ultra-processed foods, adopting a plant-based diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity are proven strategies to reduce risk. Public health efforts must focus on informing populations, changing culture-based eating habits, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Increasing the consumption of plant-based foods and supporting sustainable healthy behaviours are essential steps in preventing cancer and improving overall community health.

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