Introduction

Cameroon is home to a mosaic of exceptionally rich ecosystems. Among them, wetlands hold a crucial place, both for the country’s ecological balance and the daily lives of millions of Cameroonians. Yet these essential natural environments are increasingly under threat.

A Fundamental Ecological and Socio-Economic Role

From the vast floodplains in the North to the coastal mangroves in the Southwest, and the forested swamps of the Congo Basin, Cameroon’s wetlands perform vital functions in environmental preservation. They regulate water flow, reduce the impacts of floods and droughts, recharge groundwater, and limit soil erosion, especially in rural areas. Acting like natural sponges, they store water during rainy seasons and gradually release it during dry periods. Wetlands also help improve water quality, regulate microclimates, and prevent land degradation. Ecologically, these environments host remarkable biodiversity. Endemic species such as the African manatee, rare frog species, and many migratory birds find refuge in these areas. Wetlands also play a key role in food security by supporting artisanal fishing, irrigated farming, and the collection of non-timber forest products. Moreover, they provide educational, scientific, and sociocultural functions. They serve as excellent learning environments for raising awareness about the diversity, dynamics, and functioning of ecosystems.

Growing Threats

Despite their importance, wetlands in Cameroon are now seriously endangered. Rapid urbanization, unsustainable agricultural expansion, and extractive industries are steadily encroaching on these fragile areas. Added to this are the effects of climate change—prolonged droughts, rising sea levels, and agricultural pollution—which contribute to the eutrophication of water bodies. Overgrazing and biological invasions, especially by invasive alien species (IAS), further accelerate their degradation.

Conclusion

It is urgent to take sound measures to protect Cameroon’s wetlands. They are not just waterlogged lands but unique and irreplaceable ecosystems. They support biodiversity, enhance climate resilience, and provide jobs and essential resources for local communities. Strengthening conservation policies, raising public awareness, promoting sustainable farming practices, and encouraging participatory management of these environments are all imperative steps forward.