Introduction

In the labyrinth of Nigeria’s political space, civil society has been a constant beacon of hope. From the colonial era to the present day, civil society organisations (CSOs) have played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s democratic trajectory. This article examines the historical significance of CSOs in Nigeria, their contributions to democratic consolidation, and the challenges they face in the rapidly evolving political climate of the largest African democracy.

The Genesis of Civil Society in Nigeria

The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) which was founded in 1934 by Prof. Eyo Ita and some other eminent Nigerians, including Earnest Ikoli (the first editor of Daily Times, Nigeria), marked the inception of organized civil society in Nigeria. This pioneering organization laid the groundwork for subsequent groups, including the Nigeria Union of Students and the Railway Workers Union, which fought tirelessly against colonial oppression, exploitative policies and, particularly, for the independence of Nigeria.

Civil Society’s Role in Democratic Consolidation

Shortly after gaining independence, Nigerians were soon caught within the web of military dictatorship that spanned from 1966 to 1999, with an interregnum from 1979 to 1983. During this period, especially between 1989 to 1999, civil society played a crucial role in demanding an end to authoritarianism and the enthronement of democracy. Organizations like the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), Civil Liberty Organization (CLO), Committee for the Defense of Human Rights (CDHR), and Campaign for Democracy (CD) bravely challenged the status quo, often at great personal risk, complementing the efforts of workers and professionals like the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) and Nigeria Bar Association (NBA) respectively, as well as students under the National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS). Their struggles ultimately led to the restoration of civil rule in 1999 and paved the way for democratic reforms.

Civil Society in Present Day Nigeria 

Critics have observed that, after the enthronement of democracy in 1999, civil society seems to have gone into recess and is now devoid of vibrancy and coordination with which it fought for democracy, forgetting the fact that the task of securing new democracy is as demanding as initiating it. 

Nonetheless, civil society has made significant contributions to promoting the rule of law, human rights, and electoral systems in Nigeria after the return to civil rule. For instance, civil society played a crucial role in challenging the arbitrary use of power, as seen in the National Civil Society Coalition against Third Term (NCSCATT)’s efforts to thwart former President Olusegun Obasanjo’s bid for tenure elongation in 2007. Additionally, civil society organizations like Save Nigeria Group played a vital role in pressuring the National Assembly to adopt the ‘Doctrine of Necessity’ on February 9, 2010, which recognized Vice President Goodluck Jonathan as acting President during the prolonged illness of late President Musa Yar’Adua.

CSOs have also contributed significantly to Nigeria’s electoral process, serving as independent observers and engaging with the Independent Nigeria Electoral Commission (INEC) and other stakeholders. This has led to several substantial electoral reforms up to recent time in 2023, reengineering the country’s electoral system. Notably, CSOs like YIAGA Africa, led by Samson Itodo, championed the “Not Too Young To Run Bill,” which was signed into law in 2018, reducing the age limit for political office.

Socio-Economic Right and Accountability Project (SERAP), Policy and Legal Advocacy (PLAC) and some other civil society groups are at the forefront of holding the government accountable and strengthening democratic institutions.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite their significant contributions, it is indisputable that CSOs in Nigeria face numerous challenges. Poor funding, government interference, partisan sentiment, and cultural inhibition are just a few of the obstacles that hinder their effectiveness. Moreover, the lack of expertise and knowledge among some CSOs limits their ability to engage meaningfully in the democratic process. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth and innovation.

Conclusion

Civil society is the unsung hero of Nigeria’s democracy. Through their tireless efforts, CSOs have helped shape the country’s political landscape and promote democratic values. As Nigeria continues to evolve, it is essential to recognize the critical role that civil society plays in bolstering an ideal and inclusive democracy. By addressing the challenges faced by CSOs and empowering them to thrive, we can ensure that their contributions continue to be felt for generations to come.